Daily Lives Essay

WW1 had just ended and the soldiers who were fighting were returning home. When the men returned home they found things were much different than when they had left, women were working. Transitioning was very difficult for the men because they were used to the women cleaning and cooking, not getting ready for work. It was very hard for a husband and wife to both get ready for work in the morning but with all the new inventions such as the hairdryer and the electric razor it made getting ready for work much faster and easier. Before the 1920s, women had to blow-dry their hair by inserting a flexible pipe in the exhaust of a vacuum cleaner. In 1920, the first hair dryer was invented. Women were so excited even though the machine was not quit designed well, and got overheated easily, it was still better than using a vacuum cleaner! For the men the first electric razor was a revolutionary invention. As one could shave quickly without using soap, or water, electric razors grew in demand qu ickly. For breakfast they could simply put a piece of bread into the pop up toaster. It was a quick easy meal to eat before work. After a long day at work the family can come home and sit in their recliners and quickly eat a frozen food dinner so they would be on time for their favorite radio station, KDKA on the radio together. After eating breakfast, they would get in their car and drive to work. By late 1920s, the automobile had confidently proven itself as the newest and most popular means of road transportation. The invention of the automobile made it much easier and quicker to drive to work, rather than walking or driving a buggy. Because of the invention of the automobile it made it conceivable to live a further distance from work, making the option of different career choices available, and possibly better jobs. The invention of the car radio was very enjoyable while on their way to work and once again they could listen to KDKA on the radio. The traffic signal was very helpful and after they were invented and put into use there was a decrease in the number of accidents that frequently occurred because of  missed communications between drivers. Working conditions in the early part of the 20th century were dirty, crowded, and dangerous. Factory jobs were booming, and more families were moving to the cities to find opportunities. The reason the factory jobs were going so quickly was because of the need for assembly line workers. People could also work in construction companies and now were able to use the huge shovel called the bull dozer instead of using the shovel manually. This was a big time saver for the construction companies. Also the Radial Arm Saw was invented and was used for cutting long pieces of lumber and could also be used in construction. The men were able to do their work in more than half the time. Plus with both of this invention it helped alleviate people having as much back pain. The jobs of detectives became more efficient because of the invention of the lie detector. The device measured the heartbeats and breathing rate of a person in order to check whether the person was lying. With the invention of the Audiometer it made the results of a hearing test more efficient and made it easier doctors to evaluate hearing loss. In the 1920s when 3-D movies were coming out and the radio had just been invented people were happy as their social life was booming. People were using instant cameras, and loud speakers were being used at sporting events. One of the most exciting inventions for people was when they went to a carnival they could have the thrill of their life by riding the famous Tilt -a – Whirl for the first time. It changed their life in several ways such as making thing faster and easier and more efficient, and way more exciting. Technology has changed a lot since t he 1920’s and continues to change daily. I hope the United States continues to have entrepreneurs who never give up trying to make new technology that can better the world and help those who live in it. http://www.ask.com/question/transportation-in-the-1920s

Mission and Vision Paper Essay

The organization and mission and vision statements that will be discussed are from SGT (Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies), Inc. which is an aerospace services company that was founded in 1994 by Harold Stinger and Dr. Kam Ghaffarian. They are headquartered in Greenbelt, Maryland with locations throughout the country and I had the pleasure to work for them for a year before my contract was bought out by a competitor. SGT states that they are dedicated to customer satisfaction and providing high quality support in the areas of Engineering, Science, Project Management and Information Technology. What is a mission statement? According to our textbook a mission statement answers the question â€Å"What is our business?†(David, 2011, p.45) A mission statement is meant for the employees and leaders of the organization. A Mission statement helps to clarify the purpose and primary, measurable objectives of the organization. â€Å"A good mission statement allows for the generation and consideration of a range of feasible alternative objectives and strategies without unduly stifling management creativity† (David, 2011 p.49) Mission statements should also have nine key components: â€Å"Customers, products or services, Markets, Technology, Concern for Survival, growth and profitability, Philosophy, self-concept, concern for public image, concern for employees†(David, 2011, p. 51) SGT Mission statement is as follows â€Å"To contribute to the success of our partnerships with government and industry through disciplined, reliable, evolutionary Systems Engineering, Technical Management, and Engineering Analysis Processes and Capabilities.† (SGT, 2012) I believe that this is a good mission statement. SGT hits many of the nine key components. They talk about their customers (government) and the products (Evolutionary Systems Engineering, Technical Management, and Engineering Analysis Processes) which are also their market. They leave open the potential for growth within the major fields by not being too specific which leaves growth possibilities. They are displaying their self-concept in the industry by being â€Å"disciplined† in their fields of Systems engineering, technical management, and engineering analysis processes and capabilities. By SGT saying â€Å"success of our partnerships† and â€Å"reliable† they are giving mention to th eir philosophy, self-concept, and public image of being able to be a dependable entity that can be relied upon by their customers the government because SGT is willing to work together to achieve the governments goals. The general attitude of SGT’s mission statement is that are very serious about providing exemplary service to the government industry through the services that they offer. Vision statements are somewhat like mission statements, a vision statement helps to describe the organization’s purpose and also include the organization values. Vision statements should give direction for employee behavior and helps provide inspiration for an organization. But the main question a Vision statement should answer is the question â€Å"what do we want to become?† (David, 2011, p.43) SGT’s vision statement is â€Å"To be the premier partner of the federal government providing high value technical solutions that advance the state of humanity and human knowledge.† (SGT, 2012). I feel SGT’s vision statement does answer the question of what they want to become. They want to become a premier partner of the federal government. I do also feel however that SGT’s vision statement does not include organizational values, which are more clearly stated in the mission statement. They do state that they want to enhance technical solutions to advance humanity and human knowledge and that does give me an idea that their company does care about the wellbeing of mankind but it leaves me feeling vague of their values to help inspire the employees. I feel SGT’s vision statement is more catered to inspire loyalty from their shareholders instead of their employees. SGT does have a section on their page about corporate responsibility and their philosophy which goes into detail about the companies integrity, and there commitment to the success of their customers and the how highly their value their employees. In conclusion both mission and vision statements are important starting points to an organizations strategic management. They both help to organize the company’s goal and future endeavors as well as to inspire their employees when implemented properly. SGT’s mission statement displays all the components a good mission statement should, their vision statement however is lacking in employee inspiration. SGT should have incorporated some of their philosophies within the vision for the company for it to be more in alignment of what a good vision should inspire. References: David, F. R. (2011). Strategic management. (13th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. (2012). Sgt mission and vision. SGT. Retrieved from http://www.sgt-inc.com/gen.php?pageid=10

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay

Tesco is in private sector, but it is a PLC, a public limited company, this is an international business, also it is in primary. Tesco is doing service by providing food to its customers. Tesco exist, so people can buy food, they do their own products also, this company exists for making profit. Tesco makes profit by selling its products or making deliveries to customers. Tesco is trying to achieve , to be the best company Our vision is for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally. Tesco is a global business. Tesco is a public limited company (PLC) this means that the owners of Tesco are the shareholder. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service- This is a public sector organization, it doesn’t make profit, because it’s service costs more than the amount of money people pay them for fire. This organization exist so when the people have fire or extreme situations they call fire and rescue service and they help them. In 2004 North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority developed a new focused Vision to reflect their broader function within the modernisation agenda. â€Å"Over the 10 years to 2014, in North Yorkshire and the City of York, 125 more people will still be alive through the work of the new Fire and Rescue Service. This will be due to the Service having significantly reduced the likelihood and severity of fire and other emergencies. We will achieve this through the dedication of our staff working in partnership with other agencies in the community†. This is a local company because it is North Yorkshire. Simply summarised as – The term â€Å"125 Alive† captures the Authority’s Vision in one simple phrase. It means that 125 people who might otherwise have died in an accident will be alive because of preventative action taken by the Fire and Rescue Service working in partnership with other agencies. The target will be achieved by a steady reduction year on year in fatalities in road traffic collisions and fires. The aims and objectives of this organization are to help people to rescue them away from dangerous things, and also to remove the fire away, so the people will be in safe. They are trying their best , so they will be the best from their competitors. P2 â€Å"describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting organisations† M1 â€Å"explain the points of view from different stakeholders seeking to influence the strategic aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations† Stakeholders: A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Stakeholder Grouping| Interest| Tesco PLC| NY Fire & Rescue Service| Consumers/customers| They want high quality, value for money products. Customers often identify with the brands they buy. They like to see improvements that give them better value for money. | People who want to buy high quality food or other staff| This are the local people in the local area who wants to take the fire out| Employees/workers| The company provides them with a salary/money to live (a livelihood). They seek security, promotion opportunities, job satisfaction and rewards. | This are the workers in the stores, they are interested in security| This are the firemen, their job is to rescue people and to remove the fire for safety. | Suppliers| They want steady orders and payment for supplying stock. They also want to feel valued. People which supply different staff like water, food, drinks etc. They do it because they are sure that Tesco Is a successful business and if they are successful so they have a lot of profit , and suppliers are sure in Tesco and they have more orders cause Tesco has more customers| People, who supply the equipment, like the extinguishers. | Owners| They may be a sole trader or in a partnership. In a company it would be the shareholders. Often thought to be the most important stakeholder. They see themselves as the principal risk taker. They want to see share of profit increasing and the value of the business rising. So the owner of Tesco is the shareholders, they are interested in success of their business, they want Tesco to be the best, as every shareholder does. | The government is the owner of the NYFRS. The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe. | Trade Unions| They represent the views of the employees of the business. They want higher wages and better conditions. | They want Tesco to be successful, because if Tesco is successful, so workers conditions will be better, because this stakeholder is interested in employees comfort and life. They are interested in firemen success and conditions, wages etc. So if firemen start to rescue people or removing fire more and more, so they could get salary and this is good for Trade Union, this is what they want. | Employer Associations| They are the employer’s equivalent of the TU. They represent the employer’s interests in specific associations. | Basically this stakeholder is equivalent Trade Union, they have quite the same interests, they also take care about the workers, but in specific way. | They are looking for the comfort of the firemen, in specific associations. Local communities| The actions of businesses can have a big effect on communities around them. They want improved facilities and provision of jobs. | Local communities wants Tesco to be considerate about the people who live nearby, considerate about the emotions and feelings. | This are the people who live near by the fire rescue service base, so when they have an emergency call they start to drive fast and a lot of noise etc. People want them to be considerate about them and to think about them, that people could be sleeping now, or doing something different when they can’t be disturbed. Governments| They want successful organisations which contribute to economic growth and provide jobs and tax revenue. They also like businesses that contribute towards the welfare of the country’s society. | Government wants Tesco to succeed, so the economy of the country would improve more and more, and more employees would be needed as the company will grow, so less unemployed people would be. | The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe, and the country’s level of popularity would increase. Tesco: 1) Owners 2) Workers 3) Supplies 4) Customers 5) Government NYFRS: 1) Government 2) Workers 3) Suppliers 4) Customers 5) Local communities D1 â€Å"Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in ONE organization Tesco: 1) Directors – To be as strong in everything we sell as we are in food Directors are the stakeholders which have the most influence of the Tesco, because they can do everything what they want with the business, because it is theirs. They have ultimate control and power. If they want for example they can change the name from â€Å"Tesco† to something else etc. 2) Workers- To build our team so that we create more value Workers are the second most influence stakeholders in Tesco. This is because if there is no workers so the business can’t grow at all and it will fail, no workers, means no job done. But also if the workers would leave the Tesco, it is not such a big problem, because â€Å"Tesco† is well known successful business, and a lot of employees want to work for them. 3) Customers- To grow the UK core Customers are 3rd important stakeholders which have influence on Tesco. So if there would not be customers the business would not be able to make profit at all, so customers are also really important part of each business. If the Tesco loses the customers , so they will go to theirs opponent businesses, such as â€Å"Asda† and â€Å"Sainsbury’s†, and this could be because their would be not enough workers, or the customer service would be at low level. 4) Suppliers- To put our responsibilities to the communities we serve at the heart of what we do. Suppliers are last important stakeholders with influence on Tesco, because if the suppliers wont supply any products so Tesco would have to use its own products, but that wouldn’t make a lot of profit, and won’t be sustainable. If â€Å"Tesco† loses the suppliers, it is not a problem, because there are a lot of suppliers which are free and waiting for their chance, but if the suppliers were too good, this would be sad. P3 â€Å"Describe how two businesses are organised† TESCO: Span of control: The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisorcan directly control. This number varies with the type ofwork: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereasroutine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. Chain of Command: The  order  in which  authority  and  power  in an  organization  is wielded and delegated from  top management  to every employee  at every  level  of the organization. Instructions flow downward along the chain of command and accountability  flows  upward. The chart shows that Tesco has a different level of workers in its organization. These shows the mangers and members, whom they control. The managers take responsibility of what their assistants do. Manager of one job can’t control the assistants of other job manager, so everything is equal. The boss of everyone is the store director, after him is regional manager as you can see, and later is the store manager, and only than other managers of different jobs, and on the bottom of the chart are all of the assistants of all of the mangers. So in Tesco and in all other businesses the member of the working team can’t control anyone above him, or anyone or the same line, he can control only the people who are under him. It is very hard to control big organization. So, it will be better to break the organization into smaller parts. There are 4 main ways of breaking a business down into smaller sections: 1) By Function- What is the sense of each section? 2) By Location- Where is the section situated on the map? 3) By Product- Which service does the section belong to? 4) By Process- A customer staying approached on the other customers who are interested in Tesco. There are 2 main types of organizational structure: 1) Tall 2) Flat The difference between this two is that tall has more levels than flat , however in Flat Mangers there are wider span of control. . So, we can say that Tesco has Tall structure, because in Tesco’s Organizational Chart has a lot of levels. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service: It is really hard to understand who is who, who is controlling whom, the table is a bit messy, and so I created a better one for you: But on Structure of Commission we can see that Director General has two lines. First, is that he should control 3 Directors, Corporate and Forestry, Central Services (HR, IT, Finance), Business Units, Forest Research. The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service is looking so different comparing to Tesco’s. . In Forestry Commission General Director works with more employees, however in Tesco Director works just with managers. But The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service’s type of organizational structure is Tall, because it has many lines. And Forestry Commission is organization by Location, because they are separated on different locations, they have 3 directs in same country. Task 2 1) Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. It helps Tesco with finance. 2) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. ) The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as, the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 4) Customer S ervice is the commitment to providing value added services to external and internal customers, including attitude knowledge, technical support and quality of service in a timely manner 5) Sales- Total dollar amount collected for goods and services provided. While payment is not necessary for recognition of sales on company financial statements, there are strict accounting guidelines stating when sales can be recognized. The basic principle is that a sale can only be recognized when the transaction is already realized, or can be quite easily realized. This means that the company should have already received a payment, or the chances of receiving a payment are high. In addition, delivery of the good or service should have taken place for the sale to be recognized. ) Human resources- is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. Task 3 I will tell now, what makes Tesco and Forestry Commission similar an d what makes them different. Firstly, they both have General Director, and he has helpers. But in Forestry Commission General Director has more employees (they are: 3 directors and other staff members), however in Tesco, Director has just one helper. Secondly, this two organizations have two different, smaller parts. Tesco has broken down on process and North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service by Location. Last thing which I want to say is that, they have the same type of organization – it’s â€Å"Tall†. They have many levels and lines, which helps them to control their business. P4 â€Å"explain how their style and organization helps them to fulfill their purpose†

El-Al Marketing Analysis

El-Al Marketing Analysis El-Al Marketing Analysis Table Of Content Chapter 1: Introduction Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Chapter 2: An overview of the company Overview of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Definition of the business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Chapter 3: An analysis of the company’s business environment Firms industry and macro environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The PEST Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10-12 The industries competitive situation using Porter’s 5 Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13-15 Market segmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16-17 ELAL’s Attractiveness †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Chapter 4: The Company’s Marketing Overview Mission Statement, Objectives and Values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Marketing Mix (Four P’s)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 ELAL’s main problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 Chapter 5: Recommendations and Summary Is the Company’s Marketing Mix in – tune with its markets and its objectives?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 Solutions to ELAL’s main problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 Summary and Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Appendix 1 – Boeing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Appendix 2 – Code Sharing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 Chapter 1: Introduction Executive Summary 1. ELAL is the leading airline in Israel. In the past it was a government owned company until privatization commenced on 2003. 2. ELAL owned several dozen aircrafts, which are used for international and lately national flights as well. 3. ELAL hires thousands of employees and has several subsidiaries as well. 4. ELAL's narrative is defined by the ideal of being the number one airline for passengers from and to Israel. ELAL is constantly walking the thin line regarding the political status quo. ELAL maintains its religious crowd by keeping the Shabbat on one hand, and losing potential revenues by doing so. This narrative is implemented in the outline of ELAL's marketing agenda, ever claiming that it is Israel's national company and by launching numerous patriotic campaigns. As part of this agenda, ELAL serves kosher food as default. 5. ELAL is in a satisfying financial situation. ELAL is growing constantly; revenues, stock value, ROE and net value are growing in a healthy manner. The company survived impressively the latest financial crises. 6. ELAL prices its flights relatively expensive, offering the passengers non-compromising security, safety and service standards. As part of this agenda, ELAL keeps its technology in a state of the art level, using new and improved American planes. 7. ELAL offers transparent and non-transparent services, such as constant flyer benefits on one hand and code-share agreements on the other. ELAL could â€Å"hide† its disadvantages by exploiting the benefits that globalization offers, with emphasis on international collaboration and offering combined services to its clients such as hotels, car rentals and others. 8. ELAL's current and future challenges will be defined and influenced by the constant entrance of national and international competitors. ELAL will have to emphasize its advantages, maintain its technological and marketing images. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/El_Al http://www. bizportal. co. il/shukhahon/bizcompbaalsump. shtml? p_id=1087824&am p;c_id=1152 http://www. elal. co. il/ELAL/Heasbrew/States/General/ . http://www. elal. co. il/NR/rdonlyres/2D943294-0735-4E30-9C7C-9FCDA40B23E7/0/FactSheet20092final. pdf http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8nPXttPmNE0 Chapter 2: An overview of the company Overview of the company EL-Al (hereinafter â€Å"the company†) is one of the greatest Israeli symbols. It was one of the most famous trademarks of the small state. The company's story intertwined with Israel's origins. The company is operating in a â€Å"national† state of mind, aiming towards patriotic emotions based on the Israeli narrative of pride, safety and security. The company markets and considers itself as a national service provider, submitting itself to the whims and needs of the country. Not once the company has been involved in security or social operations (the joint confidential operation of bringing Ethiopian Jews to Israel), even in the price of losing money (i. e. not flying on the Shabbat), all in order of keeping the image of the national company. The company traditionally operated international flights alone, but lately it operates domestic ones as well. The company's headquarters and mother- airport are located in Israel's international airport â€Å"Ben-Gurion†. The company has evolved and changed throughout the years, and has varied its basic definition from a government organization to a private company. The privatization has been complete mid-2000's (that is less than 50% of company shares are kept in by the government). The 2nd decade of the 21st century will colored by security issues, ever growing competition and the continuation of the privatization process. It will be the first decade in the company's history that it will have to deal with strong competition over the Israeli customers, since the monopoly is finally over. EL-Al will have to adapt, and has already started, to a ruthless competitive market. This paper will deal with the company's strategies and marketing agenda and status. History â€Å"EL-AL Israel airways LTD. † was incorporated and became Israel's official airline company on November 1948. The company was incorporated as a national company fully owned by the government. The company's fleet was based on second hand American manufactured airplanes. In the first couple of years the company made only commercial passenger flights, and since 1950 it commenced cargo flights as well. The D. N. A of the company was heavily influenced by the political scene in Israel, creating an ongoing non-Sabbath flying and kosher food serving. One more influence that helped to position the company's image in Israeli society was â€Å"patriotic† and historical flights: bringing Jewish communities to the new states, from Arab countries and India. One memorable flight was the one bringing Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. In the mid 50's EL-Al conducted two several actions: transatlantic flights and the purchasing of British airplanes. Later on a purchase of Boeing 707 was made. On 1960, for the first time, EL-Al became profitable. The 60's were a successful decade for the company, growing from year to year and demonstrating respectable financial figures. The good fortune of the company commenced at the end of the 60's. Security issues were magnified due to several terrorist attacks. EL-Al took some adventurous decisions, starting with the purchasing of expensive Boeing 747 aircrafts. The latter purchase was too expensive for the short run, as expenses exceeded revenues in a large magnitude. On top of things, due to inner political reasons EL-Al suffered strikes and some other political influences (see chapter). The most outlined event of the 80's was the collapse of the iron screen, revealing a wide spread bundle of new flight destinations. The 1990's were a decade of coming changes, as privatization voices started to be heard. These voices were boosted thanks to the uprising charter flights and decreasing numbers of tourists in Israel. Another major negative effect was the 25% increase in fuel prices. The uprising competition and environmental changes forced the company to tend towards the inevitable step of privatization. The privatization of EL-AL commenced in 2003. 15% of the company was offered to buy in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. This process continues as more and more shares held by the government were sold to the public. Definition of the business EL-AL is a publicly traded airline company. It is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (â€Å"TASE†). EL-AL provides international and domestic flights. It also provides shipping services and touristic ones as well. General Details The company owns a 37 aircraft fleet, all manufactured by Boeing (737,747,757,767,777). The company flies to 38 non-stop service destinations worldwide and has 440 weekly departures. The company employs 5,847 workers and is one of the biggest in Israel in that factor. The company has business relationships in the form of code-share agreements () and domestic service tourism providers. The company has a frequent flyer club. The company conducts its financial reports by IAS 34, and has adopted the IFRS international code. The company is owned by several owners besides the public, and some of its owners are investment houses. The full control list is as follows: The company has increased its equity from 2010 q2 to q3 by 51. 65%, its revenues by 12. 57%, ROE by 81. 81% and net income by 186%. Chapter 3: An analysis of the company’s business environment Firms industry and its macro environment The business environment in which ELAL is performing is the civil international aviation arena from and to Israel. Political Environment – The company competes with other 103 flight companies that work within the Israeli territory. ELAL, which started as a governmental company, worked and still working according to the government decision since 1977, this decision, determined that ELAL will not work or fly neither on Shabbat nor on Jewish holidays and therefore it does not fulfill its maximum revenues potential. ELAL is the leading aviation company that works within the Israeli territory flying in and out of Israel. Social Environment – ELAL owns several subsidiary companies, which deal with a variety of complementary goods and services for the aviation world. One its main fields is cheap flight to Europe operated by the subsidiary company – San d’Or, which in 2009 increased its revenues by 2%, comparing to the previous year. Another major field is the food industry provided by the subsidiary company â€Å"Tama†m & Burenstein Catering†. This company deals with producing and supplying food to airplanes – controlled by ELAL’s management. ELAL has many more subsidiary companies in the following areas: renting flight supplies, transportation of cargo and maintenance, selling duty free products and converting currencies during its flights. Seasonal changes in this area and the fact that the world is becoming a global village forces ELAL to adjust itself to a hostile and competitive business environment. It obligates ELAL to recognize new niches in the market, following persistency in finding new company skills, improvement in existing ones, and adjusting human resource. These factors can bring ELAL to be a leading company with a competitive advantage that will keep it ahead of its competitors. The PEST Model Political * ELAL, as a governmental company that was privatized (2005) still relies on political decisions affecting its business choices. One of the best examples is that the company was anchored in the Government Companies Law. As a result, there is a consistent political intervention when referring to taking business actions. A few years ago, ELAL had to decide whether to stick with one airplane supplier – the American Boeing (Appendix1) – and to renounce the European airplane supplier – Airbus. After examining the business aspect, it decided to equip itself with the Airbus airplanes due to their more attractive price and cheaper maintenance costs. However, in 2004 the U. S. overnment pressured the Israeli government (ELAL’s owner back then) into working exclusively with Boeing and therefore ELAL did not have any other choice but to do just that. * Until 1992, ELAL flew seven days a week until a political decision was made – to prohibit flying during Shabbat and Jewish holidays. As a consequence, ELAL’s operational time decreased by 15%. In fact, after 2005 when the company w as privatized, it was decided that even though they were no obligated to do so, ELAL would keep the Status-Quo by respecting the Shabbat law (a strategic way to gain religious public adherence). Israel is geographically located in one of the problematic areas in the world, surrounded by hostile Arab countries. As a consequence, ELAL is forced to extend its flying course to its different destinations. The fact that Israel does not have good relations with many countries in the world, limits ELAL’s destinations. Moreover, the delicate security situation in Israel forces ELAL to make excessive security examinations within Israel and overseas. This security policy creates a massive cost to the company. As a result, today ELAL is well-known for its security achievements. Economical * The Global Village – the world is becoming a big global village. People are flying more and more, from and to many places. As a consequence of improvement in financial opportunities and shorter flight duration, they divide their vacations into many small vacations during the year. This economical factor brings to abundance in the financial situation in general and in the flying industry in particular. Nowadays ELAL is focusing on international destinations being affected by the world wide economical changes, such as last financial crisis in 2007. The competition with many other flight companies is growing intensively. ELAL must take action in order not to fail in the competition, usually this means either to lower prices drastically or reducing operating expenses. * There is an ongoing decrease in the incoming tourism for the last decade. Due to security and political situation in Israel, many tourists prefer either to fly with foreign companies or not to fly to I srael at all. According to statistics, in 2009 2M tourists visited Israel, a decrease of 6% from 2008. * Increase in gasoline prices had raised ELAL’s flight tickets prices by 5% to 10%. Social The financial recession was supposed to decrease the financial options to the public and so decrease the amount of Israelis traveling abroad. Nevertheless, there has been a large increase in Israelis travelers overseas at about 10% a year. This fact shows the change in Israeli consumption habits. It seems the Israeli, men and women, have more free time than ever which allows them to plan their leisure time. * The climate in Israel enables worldwide tourism to come to Israel in all seasons. The night life is longer and safer than many other places in the world – tourists who visit Israel enjoy this social freedom. The value of life and death is quite different in Israel due to struggle for survivor. Security and safety are very important and are overvalued by the customers and EL AL has a reputation regarding these issues. * Environmental awareness – *** Today’s social trend is to be green and clean. ELAL collaborates and support many green organizations and encourages youth into creating new green-tech. This promotes ELAL as an environmental friendly company while increasing public’s adherence. * Kosher food – one of ELAL’s largest audiences is the Jewish religious people. Their demand is for kosher food and ELAL is one of the only companies which provide such an option. ELAL is very tolerant to this public and therefore it gives a competitive advantage. Technology * ELAL’s airplane equipment is more sophisticated, its activation is cheaper than ever, expenses are lower and the personal service within the plane technologically wise is a step ahead from many other companies. The race over the heart and pocket of the average customers brings ELAL into a major efficiency while decreasing the market price. ELAL’s website – in the era of internet ELAL began to sell tickets through its website and its entire marketing propaganda took few steps further. In the long run, the website exposes the audience to very important and relevant details that are handier. This obviously minimized the number of flight agents while transforming them into tourist advisors. The revolution of the customer service is relying now on the innovation in technolo gy. This improves the commercial interaction between company and the customer. The industries competitive situation using Porter’s 5 Forces The threat of the entry of new competitors ELAL owns the largest market segment in the Israeli aviation field and therefore it has to create many barriers to eliminate new competitors. The company accomplished that by having full control over a variety of goods and services such as transporting passengers and baggage, a variety of destinations and high security level. There are many factors that make it difficult for other competitors to enter the market: * Initial investment – in order to found a new aviation company, it is necessary to have sufficient capital for buying airplane navy and technological infrastructures. Moreover, there is a large depreciation over the equipment this field. The maintenance of an airplane company can sometimes appear to be luxurious one but not necessarily a profitable one. * Fuel costs – jet fuel costs are 50% out of the operational cost. * Legal barrier – flight companies are responsible for licensing and employees’ training in order to keep the pilots and technicians qualified. * Economic factor- the aviation industry is one of the first to be affected from financial crises and can easily be exposed to bankruptcy. For instance, the last financial crisis in 2007 made major decrease in the tourism industry and therefore the demand for flying decreased and many aviation companies went bankrupted over the world. * Aviation Clubs – in the last decade, aviation companies have created clubs in which encouraged passengers to fly with certain companies by gaining points and getting free tickets to fly within specific companies. This created a huge barrier for new companies which wanted to enter the market. The competition in this field is very intense and competes on passengers’ benefits, flight courses, and variety of destinations and level of service. ELAL’s strategy for combating this competition is: 1. Flexibility in scheduling flights according to different seasons and international events (holidays, Olympic Games, sport events, high season-low season, etc. ) 2. Increasing flight frequencies to popular destinations by increasing the number of co-sharing flights (cooperation with other companies). 3. A consistent improvement of services within the flight, especially the comfort of the seats, quality of food and entertainment during flights. Most of the focus goes to First Class. 4. Frequent flyer club – ELAL has found a club in which it compensates its member with highly valued benefits like seat-upgrading, flight tickets discounts, etc. 5. Promoting them through worldwide advertisement. The bargaining power of customers (buyers) The customer thrives to push prices down and quality of services up. The power of the customer depends on the added value he gives to the company. The option to choose from a large variety flight companies is a threat to ELAL. A constant recession can decrease the loyalty of one customer to a certain aviation company because some other companies will offer lower prices. In this case, he will obviously choose the cheaper company to fly with. The bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is different from the bargaining power of the customers. The suppliers push prices up while decreasing quality of their products and services. ELAL is very much affected from the competition existing in the field and depending on its suppliers that would make it difficult for ELAL to maintain the level of their service quality and competitive prices. Many of ELAL’s suppliers have exclusivity in their field and the knowledge that they have, made them powerful against ELAL. The fact that many of ELAL’s suppliers are also it subsidiaries, increases its profitability and neutralizes the bargaining power of these suppliers. However, the aviation field has two main suppliers (that are not subsidiaries to ELAL): jet fuel suppliers and airplanes suppliers. In Israel there are only a few jet fuel suppliers whereas abroad the suppliers are many, and the decision of buying fuel from one supplier depends on price and not on an exclusive supplier. Aviation companies in Israel have a weak bargaining power against fuel suppliers as a consequence of political issues that affect the price of fuel. There are two main airplane suppliers in the world – the American Boeing and the European Airbus. ELAL has on its behalf airplanes made by Boeing only, as we mentioned before due to American pressure over the Israelis in the days when the company was owned by the government. This kind of relationships between governments created a dependency on one supplier with a high level of bargaining power in a market which is limited in the first place. The threat of substitute products or services ELAL offers its customers a variety of permanent destinations all over the world. Moreover, through its subsidiary San D’or, ELAL offers a variety of flights to seasonal destinations flying on weekends and holidays. Goods and services given in parallel fields are called substitute products. These products have a major power influencing management decisions due to the possibility the customer will decide to put his money in another company (in another substitute product). A substitute can demolish a company. A substitute product for Aviation Company like ELAL is the low cost aviation companies as EasyJet, Arkia Express, etc. These companies reduce flight ticket’s prices (30-50 Euro) by charging only for the flight itself and any other service is being paid extra (luggage, food, drinks, etc. ). ELAL invests millions of dollars in a good and full service that will bring its customers to their destiny. The price factor sometimes defeats the comfort and the quality of service and leads to harming ELAL profitability. The intensity of competitive rivalry The aviation industry has many leading companies all over the world, where each one strives to have a significant differentiation which will attract customers’ hearts and pockets and enlarge their market segment. Barriers to exit – ELAL have â€Å"code sharing† with many foreign airlines (Appendix2). As a result, it has full access to internal information of these companies, which enables it to know about the activity of its competitors. Similarly, ELAL’s delicate information is accessible for its competitors. If ELAL decides to breach the code-sharing with the other companies, its future is doomed (ELAL may decide the barriers to exit are too significant and will be forced to continue the code-sharing). As previously mentioned, ELAL has many share-codes with foreign airline which its customers and employees can fly with (with same conditions they would have got from ELAL). This corporation provides full accessible information of flight and price on-line. This accessibility improves ELAL profitability. Target Market Potential Market Addressable Market Target Market Potential Market Addressable Market Total Market Total Market Market segmentation Macro segmentation Total Market – A group of people sharing the same characteristics that cause them to have similar needs – to fly from one place to another. Potential Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from one place to another. Addressable Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from and to Israel. Target Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from and to Israel and can afford it. People who live geographically close to ELAL’s destinations. Micro segmentation – potential audience Business * Age: 30-70 years old. Occupation: Business men and women who have international businesses. * Lifestyle: Usually â€Å"Frequent Flyer† members who fly on behalf of their companies. A population who usually flies in Business and First Class. Pleasure * Age: 13to 18: family trips; 21 to 30: backpacking, vacations and trips. * Occupation: Students and families. * Lifestyle: Due to the variet y of ages in this segment, there are all kinds of lifestyles (with average+ income). Religion The Jewish religious businessmenfamily members from all over the world choose to fly ELAL due to its policies regarding kosher food and respecting Shabbat. This is a very dominant sector among ELAL customers and therefore ELAL treats this segment with delicacy and tries to be as religious oriented as possible. ELAL strives to be as least mass marketed as possible by approaching its different segments that we mentioned separately. Nevertheless, its last commercial advertisement with Omri Casspi, approaches all three segments by arousing the sense of Zionism among all. This is an emotional commercial which emphasizes that ELAL is the leading national airline in Israel. ELAL’s Attractiveness ELAL is in the business of civil international aviation arena from and to Israel. It is quite straight forward that the overall industry attractiveness does not apply that every firm in the field will return the same profitability. Firms are able to apply their core competence, businesses model to achieve a profit above the industry average. After examining Porter’s five forces, we analyzed ELAL’s attractiveness within its industry. Backward vertical integration: dealing with supplier bargaining power ELAL acted wisely when buying most of its suppliers and neutralizing their power. However, when considering the industry, most of the money is in the jet fuel industry and airplane suppliers. If ELAL could buy these suppliers, it would have a huge competitive advantage among its competitors. Nowadays, ELAL does not have the means to buy such companies (like Boeing) and we would not suggest doing so. Forwards vertical integration: Nowadays, ELAL does not â€Å"control† its customers but rather the customers choose ELAL. ELAL has the option of buying tourists companies (such as Ista), online purchasing flying tickets companies (such as netravel. com). By doing so, ELAL can increase its profitability and customer flow. The fact that tourist-agencies are becoming old-fashioned, more and more people are buying flight ticket via websites, ELAL could create a significant competitive advantage by buying these sites. This would obviously make ELAL more attractive above the industry average. Horizontal integration: As we mentioned in the threat of substitute products or services, ELAL main threat is the low-cost companies that offer cheaper prices by offering only the flight itself with no additional services. This â€Å"product† is targeted to a segment which ELAL has not addressed yet. These clients seek for short flights within Europe or the U. S. with the most attractive price. Nowadays ELAL does not offer such product and by merging with such low-cost company, they would probably increase its profitability and addressed a new unutilized market segment. Chapter 4: The Company’s Marketing Overview Mission Statement, Objectives and Values ELAL has set many targets, which the main one is to operate as an integral part in the global aviation competitive world, while keeping its uniqueness as an international airline company of Israel. In addition, ELAL is defining the following goals: 1. Uncompromising level of service 2. First priority – safety and security of the passengers 3. Investing in its employees – high level of training, focus on their welfare in order to promote the company’s success. Happy employees = successful company. 4. Promoting profitability by innovation and initiative, maximizing shareholders’ wealth. 5. Be an integral and significant company in the international aviation world, while keeping it uniqueness as the Israeli national leading airline. 6. Prioritizing the destinations according to profitably and customer demand. 7. Maintaining only new airplanes. . Efficiency and saving – retirement plans, reducing the number of offices overseas. ELAL defined the aforementioned goals as part of â€Å"ELAL’s 2010 project† and is going to achieve these goals by implementing its vision. ELAL’s vision * To lead the aviation market in Israel and to be the first choice for all customers traveling to and from Israel. * To be a winning, profitable and successful commercial company that excels in all areas of activity. * To provide the highest level of uncompromised quality service, for the benefit of its customers, employees and share holders. Marketing Mix (Four P’s) The marketing mix is the combination of several techniques that are bring used in order to achieve marketing strategy and goals. Product * Products – ELAL offers the service of national and international flights. * Variety of products – Different levels of services – Economy class, Business class and First. * Services – ELAL is very service oriented. It offers its client a high level of service starting even before flight: purchasing tickets online, express online check in, luggage pick up, duty free on board, lounge and Frequent Flyer Club. Pricing ELAL does not attempt to be a low cost company and therefore its prices cannot compete with such companies but rather with full service flying companies. It is known that ELAL’s tickets are not cheap but whoever chooses to fly with ELAL knows he will get a return on his money. * Frequent Flyer members receive free upgrades and free ticket according to their mileage. * ELAL â€Å"spontany† – a new service ELAL offers is the last minutes flights with lower prices. This is oriented for spontaneous people who don’t want to settle for service but do not want to spend much on the ticket. Promotion * ELAL promoted itself via a various media means – TV commercials, outdoor adds, Newsletters for its club members, collaboration with credit card companies which offer ELAL’s points * ELAL promotes itself as the national Israeli airline by being the official transporting airline to public organizations (like the Israeli football delegation) and well known personalities (like the President). Place * ELAL’s destinations are wisely chosen according to demand. It operates in international and principal airports accessible to many other destinations. SWOT Analysis Strength * A variety of services and goods (â€Å"Fun Day†, â€Å"ELAL Spontany†) that enables to attract many segments in the market. * ELAL is an international brand in the field of security and safety. * Kosher food and respecting Shabbat. * Many corporations with other international airlines. * Only one airplane supplier. | Weaknesses: * Does not operate on Shabbat and on holidays. * Unstable security situation in Israel reduces number of customers. * High prices relatively to the market. * ELAL does not maintain constant collaboration with agencies abroad and loses potential market. Geographically Israel is located between hostile countries which extends the flight courses and enlarge the duration of the flights, increase fuel expenses, etc. | Opportunities * ELAL e-ticket purchased online saves time and money and enlarges potential clients. * ELAL’s high reputation reduces advertisement expenses. * ELAL’s website is a commercial platform which reduce s advertisement expenses. | Threats * Low cost companies offering cheap flying tickets. * As the Israeli national airline, ELAL is exposed to terror attacks on its airplanes. * The increasing prices of fuel| ELAL’s main problems Keeping the Status Quo – ELAL does not operate on Shabbat and holidays. The company loses 15% of operational time due to its commitment to the status quo which allows other companies to enjoy ELALs customers. Expending variety of services – ELAL is exposed to a severe competition with low-cost companies. Such companies offer flights with no other extra services, airplane as an transporting mean and no more than that. Chapter 5: Recommendations and Summary Is the Company’s Marketing Mix in – tune with its markets and its objectives? We find the company's marketing mix in tune. The company provides its products in relatively high prices. Following the latter, the prices are a derivative of security and social aspects as described. The company pays relatively high salaries in order to obtain the level of service. Although privatized, the company maintains its objective to be the â€Å"national company† of Israel, first by slogans and continued by ads and commercials: i. e. the latest commercial staring NBA player Omri Casspi, who is, as ELAL wants to be, a national pride and patriotic icon. ELAL has a much focused hub-oriented hub airport destinations, which are by definition very attractive ones. Solutions to ELAL’s main problems Keeping the Status Quo Solution: On the one hand, if ELAL decides to break the status quo, it can realize its potential market and become equal to its competitors and even create an additional competitive advantage. On the other hand, this delicate issue can create antagonism among religious passengers who are a dominant factor to ELAL. This is a problematic situation which still should be considered in order to maximize ELAL’s profitability. Expending variety of services Solution: ELAL should examine the option of offering this kind of service in order to provide its customers a larger variety of services. For example, ELAL can operate a weekly flight to various destinations according to the low cost policy. By entering such a market, ELAL could enlarge its segment markets. This kind of decision could have a positive effect but also damage ELAL’s reputation. Summary and Conclusions As a small state, Israel does not have many commercial or social icons. Maccabi Tel Aviv, high tech and the Dead Sea are few that could be mentioned. ELAL is another one. As part of the Israeli pathos, ELAL played an important role in Israel's short history. ELAL has evolved from a national owned company with all that entails (unions, heavy politics, non-profit environment etc. ) to a profitable and role model airline. ELAL determined a strategy based on the evolving and more competitive environment around it and thrives for profit maximization as well as keeping its image as the national airline in Israel. To do the latter, ELAL determined prices, strategic agenda and image by the aforementioned guidelines. The future will tell whether ELAL would be able to deal with the challenges of tightened security, growing competition and ever changing political environment; up to now, it seems to be on the right track. Appendix1 – Boeing | | *Boeing 737 – 700 ; 800| Total in service:  11 ; 2 Range:  4870  km Engines:  C. F. M. Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  110ft (33. 6m) ; 129ft (39. 5m) Wingspan:  112ft,(34. 5m)  | |   | | Boeing 747 – 200  | Total in service:  1 Cargo Range:  10000 km Engines:  Four Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  917kph/Mach 0. 84 Length:  231ft 11ins,(70. 7m) Wingspan:  195ft 9in,(59. 6m)| | | *Boeing 777 – 200| Total in service:  6 Range:  12670 km Engines:  Rolls Royce Cruising speed:  864kph/Mach 0. 83 Length:  209ft 1ins(63. 7m) Wingspan:  199ft 11ins,(60. 9m)  Ã‚  | |   | | *  Boeing 747 – 400| Total in service:  6 Range:  11860  km Engines:  Four Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  927kph/Mach 0. 85 Length:  231ft 11ins,(70. 7m) Wingspan:  213ft,(64. 9m)  | | | *Boeing 767| Total in service:  8 Range:  10000 km Engines:  Two Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  159ft 2ins,(48. 5m) Wingspan:  156ft,(47. 6m)  | |   | | *  Boeing 757  | Total in service:  5 Range:  6100  km Engines:  Two Rolls Royce Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  155ft 3ins,(47. 3m) Wingspan:  124ft, 10ins,(37. 9m)  | | Appendix2 – Code Sharing Airlines| Destination| | American Airlines – Code Share flights operated by AA from Europe to the USA and flights operated by AA within the USA. To view the list of destinations. |   | Iberia – Flights between Tel-Aviv and Barcelona or

Poverty in Liberia

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Inventory Management and Logistics Control at Pfizer Research Paper

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International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Film The Little Mermaid - Movie Review Example She just laughs at the dangers, sings like a seraph and displays adoration for man-made creations and objects, with an utmost desire to read, to understand and to learn. The character of the father, King Triton, has been portrayed as realistic, being overprotective, like the normal human father for their daughters, forbidding the talent of his young daughter and appoints a crab, Sebastian as a bodyguard of her daughter. Ariel specks the moving ship and confronts her father, rather swim to examine and gaze Prince Eric, the love at first sight. It is beautifully animated and viewers could understand the expressions and have a feel of the story. As in any thought, with every happiness a taste of bitterness occurs, Ariel witnesses a sudden storm which rips off the ship, but Ariels courage rescues the Prince. Depicting the kind of determination desired in todays contemporary world or human beings. The movie has made Ariel as an ideal for young teenagers. Further, the story takes a turn and Ursula, the witch, man hating sea beast, marks the presence. Grasping Ariels desire, Ursula grants Ariels wish for legs, but this also displays the plot behind the intention, the mal-intention to destroy Tritons kingdom. The role of friends and their friendship comes into picture, as all the friends of Ariel stood beside her in her difficult time. This is the best message that was given to the audience of the movie, a moral value which is greatly desired in the present scenario, even after more than twenty years, the message holds value and meaning. It is one of the finest creation in terms of the positive characters, the heroic deeds and accomplishments to protect the real values. The movie highlights the emotions involved between the father and daughter as well as between the boy and the girl. Their love affection and also the devotion towards each other is highlighted in a very artistic and magnificent manner, besides the glorious world of colors

Research Process for the Rights of the Mentally Ill to Have Children Paper

Process for the Rights of the Mentally Ill to Have Children - Research Paper Example Literature Review Nicholson et al. (1993) conducted a study to find out whether the state departments of mental health of sixteen states are giving enough healthcare rights to mentally ill women who have preschool aged children. They found that not many states had satisfying policies to provide outpatient services to mentally ill women, and there were no policies regarding the visitation of their children to them when they were hospitalized. This study shows that much improvement is needed in this area and insufficient healthcare is restricting the rights of the mentally ill to look after their children properly. Jacobsen and Miller (1998) conducted their research on mentally ill mothers to find out if they are capable of looking after their children properly. They found that many mentally ill parents are deprived the right of their children’s custody â€Å"due to child abuse or neglect†, due to which the children have to live in foster care. The researchers claim that since parents with long chronic mental illnesses cannot ensure safe parenting, hence they should be denied their parental rights. Feldman, Stiffman and Jung state in their study that children of mentally ill parents are likely to suffer from many behavioral disorders (1987). The researchers studied 306 children of ages between six and sixteen. They found that the children had disturbed relationships with their mentally ill parents because the parents could not provide them with secure family environment. This study supports the fact that mentally ill parents are not able to care for their children properly. Cohler et al. (1980) compared the two groups of participants, one of which consisted of mothers who were discharged from psychiatric hospitals and the other one consisted of normal mothers to find out â€Å"child rearing attitudes and adaptation to adult social roles†. They found that mentally ill mothers were unable to foster healthy relationships with their children and could not differentiate between their own and children’s needs. This hindered with the children’s abilities to adapt adult roles later in life. Gamer et al. (1977) had also reached the same conclusion earlier in 1977 when they conducted their research on three year old children performing an interaction task with their well and mentally ill mothers suffering from psychosis. They found that there were â€Å"differences in the pattern of intercorrelations among these interaction variables between the two groups† (Gamer et al., 1977). Bagedahl-Strindlund (1986) found that acute mental illness was positively related to pregnancy complications. They studied pregnant mothers admitted in psychiatric hospitals and found that delivery complications were also there in those patients who showed prepartum onset of mental illness. Mentally ill mothers also had a history of more abortions than well women. Mohit (1996) supported this research by finding in their research that seriously mentally ill mothers underwent frequent psychiatric hospitalization due to motherhood strain. This study helps prove that mentally ill mothers are not able to cope with motherhood roles efficiently. Stanton, Simpson and Wouldes (1999) found that mentally ill mothers are also involved in filicide. They interviewed mentally ill women who pretended to be very caring toward their children but at the same time regretted the killing of their children under unexplainable intentions. Research Question The research question formulated is that: Are the mentally ill able to bear and

Comparison between Spain and the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison between Spain and the UAE - Essay Example A further similarity is the type of ethnic music that is enjoyed by both cultures. When one thinks of Spanish music they of course immediately identify with the guitar (Kuehl-White 2012 p. 51). However, unbeknownst to most, the classical guitar is also a mainstay of Arabic music as exhibited within the UAE and other Arabic cultures as well. In this way, although the musical styles may be quite different and the theory and stylistic differences of the chords wholly dissimilar, the fact of the matter is that both cultures employ the same musical instrument to affect music within their own countries. Similarly, when one considers the issue of art in both Spain and within the UAE, key similarities can also be noted. Again, this is partly due to the fact that the Moorish influence in Spain had a profound effect on the understanding and application of art both during and long after the Moorish Empire ultimately withdrew from Iberia.Likewise, a key cultural difference between Spain and the UAE is that of the religious systems that have for so long defined their populations and culture. In Spain, the Catholic Church has dominated the political and cultural process since a few hundred years after the death of Christ. Similarly, the UAE has been predominately Muslim since only a few years after the death of Mohammed. Likewise, another primary cultural difference relates to the fact that Spain has been primarily influenced by European culture and the UAE has been primarily focused on Arabian culture.... A further similarity is the type of ethnic music that is enjoyed by both cultures. When one thinks of Spanish music they of course immediately identify with the guitar (Kuehl-White 2012 p. 51). However, unbeknownst to most, the classical guitar is also a mainstay of Arabic music as exhibited within the UAE and other Arabic cultures as well. In this way, although the musical styles may be quite different and the theory and stylistic differences of the chords wholly dissimilar, the fact of the matter is that both cultures employ the same musical instrument to effect music within their own countries. Similarly, when one considers the issue of art in both Spain and within the UAE, key similarities can also be noted. Again, this is partly due to the fact that the Moorish influence in Spain had a profound effect on the understanding and application of art both during and long after the Moorish Empire ultimately withdrew from Iberia. Likewise, a key cultural difference between Spain and the UAE is that of the religious systems that have for so long defined their populations and culture. In Spain, the Catholic Church has dominated the political and cultural process since a few hundred years after the death of Christ. Similarly, the UAE has been predominately Muslim since only a few years after the death of Mohammed. In this way, the key cultural religious difference between the two cultures is evidenced. Likewise, another primary cultural difference relates to the fact that Spain has been primarily influenced by European culture and the UAE has been primarily focused by Arabian culture. These two factors help to explain to a large degree the broader cultural differences that have thus far been exhibited within this brief essay. This cultural influence is of course

Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse Article

Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse - Article Example With high rates of abuse of opiate analgesics among teenagers in the United States, a particularly urgent priority is the investigation of best practices for treating pain in adolescents as well as the development of prevention strategies to reduce diversion and abuse." This addresses the issue of the abuse and misuse of prescription drugs. Determining whether or not a person is abusing or is addicted to a prescription medication can be a daunting task for officials. This is particularly true for patients receiving chronic pain relievers such as opioids (Compton, Darakjian, and Miotto, 1998). Prescription drugs that are commonly prescribed for this purpose include fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, and oxycodone. Opioid analgesics appear to be the prescription drugs most commonly abused (Weaver and Schnoll, 2002 and Zachny, et al, 2003). "In 2002, opioid analgesics accounted for 9.85% of all drug a... identifying the causes and sources of diversion, without interfering with legitimate medical practice and patient care" (Gilson, Ryan, Joranson, and Dahl, 2004, pg. 1). Search Strategies Since this manuscript is academic in nature, only academic journals were used as reference material. An Internet search was conducted utilizing a keyword search of 'prescription drug monitoring and drug abuse.' When the results were returned via the Google search engine, 'scholarly resources' for the keyword string was chosen and the resources were carefully picked from that subcategory according to content and relevance. Background/Significance According to Bedell (2000, pg. 2129), "Misuse of medications is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined the frequency of, and factors associated with, discrepancies between what doctors prescribe and what patients take in actual practice. Discrepancies among recorded and reported medications were common and involved all classes of medications, including cardiac and prescription drugs. Older age and polypharmacy were the most significant correlates of discrepancy. The pervasiveness of discrepancies can have significant health care implications, and action is urgently needed to address their causes. Such action would likely have a positive impact on patient care." Chronic, nonmalignant pain is often treated with opiate drugs. Due to the addictive nature of opiates, this practice is quite controversial. One study on the problem took place at Seattle's VA Medical Center. It was designed to "create opiate abuse criteria, test inter-rater reliability of the criteria, apply the criteria to a group of chronic pain patients, and correlate the risk of opiate abuse with the results of alcohol and drug testing" (Chabal,

Political Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Political Behavior - Essay Example Several evidences have suggested that modern generation is may be seeing the arrival of a period of augmented involvement by young individuals, along with citizens more commonly, within a political society (Owen, 2008). According to the observation, it has been revealed that the agents of political socialization play a crucial role in a political system in order to change the traditional trend of political socialization. Over the years, it has been ascertained that family, school, teachers and communication media among others have been highly engaged with political socialization as an intermediary (Danziger, 2013). Correspondingly, it has been identified that education systems such as high-schools and colleges have the gateway of democratic concept in modern civilization. Young adults have learned many of the values, skills and abilities through the education in this world. Apart from this, political knowledge and political engagement have been increased through the help of civic education. For example, academic study related to political science and real democratic approach in schools/colleges can be presented among the prime (Danziger, 2013). Similarly, family culture has also influenced the approach of the youth in political socialization. According to the analysis, it has been observed that political conversations of youths’ parents have acted as a vital determinant to grow political socialization amid young individuals. Thus, family can be regarded as a â€Å"distinct socializing agent†. For an example, discussion related to political issues and vote can drive political thoughts. Consequently, mass media including newspaper, magazine, the internet and films also can be named as agents of political socialization. Over the years, along with the changing political scenario, the approaches of mass media have been transformed in a parallel manner (Danziger,

Singapore's cybersex laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Singapore's cybersex laws - Research Paper Example In Singapore, internet sex is highly regulated and the law does not allow pornography and so is cybersex. However, internet has posed a challenge as the government and authorities are overwhelmed by it especially in the age of globalization. In other countries like the United States, they have adopted a soft approach where they advice the hosting websites to self regulate. Due to the growing industry of internet sex and lack of objective laws on protecting the society, most countries outside the United States have continued to suffer hopelessly. However, it is unfair to apply pornographic laws on cybersex because the two internet sex experiences have differing societal implications. In Singapore cybersex has negative implications on the family institution because it has been branded an online form of infidelity and cheating. Under the existing pornographic laws in Singapore, cybersex implications are difficult to determine if the society has to be fair. This is because while the cybe rsex industry continues to yield colossal sums of money from the business, cybersex has led to addiction, family break ups, and lack of self esteem, which are also associated with pornography. However, cybersex can be credited for reducing prostitution and hence women trafficking, which is highly associated with pornographic industry. ... All this is because Singaporean pornographic laws do not adequately define cybersex and the government needs to have legislation on cybersex, different from the existing pornographic laws. This is because unlike pornography, cybersex has positive and negative implications in the society’s sexuality, given the proliferation of technology and overall globalisation

What is Islamophobia Is it a real concern Is it racism Essay

What is Islamophobia Is it a real concern Is it racism - Essay Example The unwanted importance given to the fear of Islam leads to dislike towards the majority of Muslims, who are moderate and secular. Besides, Islamophobia denies the feelings of moderate Muslims who consider religion and politics as different entities. Halim Rane, Jacqui Ewart, and Mohamad Abdalla state that Islamophobic expressions are either passive (inauspicious attitude) or active (discrimination) (Rane, Ewart, & Abdalla, 2010). Islamophobia forces the world community to consider Islam as the most important threat on world peace and co-operation among world religions. In addition, Islamophobia projects the aggressiveness of Islam and its ideology. At the same time, Islam is considered as a political ideology based on religious ideology. In short, Islamophobia is the enmity towards Islam and Muslims as a whole. But it leads to discrimination and marginalization of secular Muslims who are not interested in political Islam. In the United States, Islamophobia is a burning issue which leads to the discrimination of Muslim minority. But all Americans do not consider Muslims as terrorists or religious extremists. As the United States is a multi-religious society, there exists high possibility for difference in opinion on a particular issue. The 9/11 attacks resulted in the strong hatred against Islam as an extremist religion. Mahmood Mamdani states that the post 9/11 culture talk shows unwanted interest to connect terrorism and Islam (Mamdani, 17). The global spread of terrorism and religious extremism increased the scope of anti-Islamic sentiment among the people. For instance, the term ‘Camel Jockey’ is used to denote Muslims. Terrorism sponsored by the fundamentalist groups operating from the Middle East forced the Americans to consider Islam as a dangerous religion. The American war in Iran and Afghanistan ignited hatred among the Muslims. But these wars were not fought against Islam or Mu slims, but against the terrorists who are against world peace

Sony Corporation Essay Example for Free

Sony Corporation Essay From the time high definition televisions (HDTV) made its appearance into the market in the year 1998 the demand for high capacity storage DVD has increased. Regular DVDs turned out to be insufficient for this application. DVDs support resolutions up to 720480 pixels whereas HDTV will work with the resolution of 19201080 pixel format. The above definition approximately means that to run a two hour video on a HDTV requires storage capacities of 22GB where as the maximum capacity of the DVDs that are available in the market are 17GB. This has led for the development of the DVD with higher storage capabilities suitable for HDTVs. This development ultimately resulted in two DVD formats with huge storage capability, one from Sony Corporation called as Blu Rays and other from Toshiba called as HD-DVD with the support from their technology partners. Evolution of Blu Rays: Sony started two new rewritable disc storage systems: ultra density optical UDO and DVR Blue. The first DVR Blue prototype was released in the October 2000 CEATEC exhibition. In February 2002 the project was officially announced as Blu-Ray Disc(or simply BD) and Blue Ray Disc Association was founded with initial nine members at consortium made by the companies that include Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson. HD-DVD, on the other hand, was created by Toshiba and got support from Microsoft, HP and Intel. The regular DVDs use red laser (wavelength of 650nm) to read and write whereas blu-ray uses a blue-purple laser to read and write data. As the wavelength is smaller for Blue –purple laser (450nm) this allows for a higher recording density. While recording the blue-purple laser is used to burn pits on the disc surface. The areas that weren’t burnt are known as lands. While reading blue-purple laser with lower intensity is thrown on the disc. When a pit is encountered the light is reflected with a lower intensity compared to the land. This is how a Blu-ray detects pits and lands. The physical dimensions of the Blu-ray are same as the regular DVD. This is from the blue laser that is used the named Blu-Ray has been derived. On April 10th 2003 the first Blu-Ray devices were released. It was Sony BDZ-S77 a BD RE recorder which was made available only in Japan. The physical dimensions were finalized only ion 2004. In the year 2005 TDK made an announcement that a polymer coating has been developed for the Blu-Ray discs. BD-ROM specifications were finalized in the year 2006. In the year 2004, a consortium is formed which has been developing the DRM platform that is used to securely distribute movies to customers. The first BD-ROM players were released in June 2006. Blu-Rays titles were first released on June 20, 2006. Initial releases used MPEG-2 video compression similar to DVDs. September 2006 viewed first release of newer VC-1 and AVC codec. First movies using dual layer discs which have storage capacity of 50GHz was released in October 2006. The first mass market for Blu-ray Disc was seen in July 18 2006. The prices are as large around US$699. The Table below shows the Physical dimensions and storage capacity of the BD in comparison with the regular DVD. Competition from HD DVD: A forum was set up in the year 1995 for the exchange of hardware and software updates of the regular DVD. From the initial stage of the development of blue laser DVD committee has different opinions. In August 2002, Toshiba and NEC made an announcement about their competing standard advanced optical devices. DVD forum finally adapted it and the next year it was renamed as HD DVD. There was though competition between the Blu-Ray and HD DVD. The support from the technology partners from both the sides increased the competition among Blu-Ray and HD DVD. Both Blu-ray and HD DVD have same physical dimensions their storage capabilities and other supporting differences are listed in the tables below. Blu-Ray HD DVD ROM single layer: 23. 3/25GB ROM dual layer: 46. 6/50GB RW single layer: 23. 3/25/27GB RW dual layer: 46. 6/50/54GB Highest test: 100GB Theoretical limit: 200GB Single layer: Dual layer: Highest test: Theoretical limit: 15GB 30GB 45GB 60GB 15GB 30GB 45GB 60GB Table-1 Comparison of the capacity of Blu-rays and HD DVD Attempts were made to avoid the confusion over the format between Blu-ray and HDDVD in the year 2005. Blu Ray supporters opted for Java Based platform for interactivity where as HD DVD opted for Microsoft’s HDi. In august 2005 they both disagreed for a common format and the negotiations failed. And by the end of September Microsoft and Intel announced their support to HD DVD. In March 2005 Toshiba released the first HD DVD player months in advance than Blu- Ray. It made its appearance in US market in April 2005 at US$499. The price is small compared to that of the Blu-Ray so as the storage capacity. The difference between Blu-Ray and HD DVD is shown in the table below (Tab-1) and the technology partners of each format are shown in Fig-II.